{
  "text": "如果一種技術能讓國家更富裕\n你會支援它嗎\n大多數人會說\n當然\n但歷史上有很多統治者\n他們的答案恰恰相反\n1485年\n德國金匠古騰堡發明了活字印刷機\n他以驚人的速度改寫歐洲文明的走向\n書籍的價格暴跌了80%\n原本只有貴族才能接觸到的知識\n開始湧入普通人的家裡\n大學在擴張\n思想在碰撞\n一個嶄新的時代正在到來\n與此同時\n橫跨歐亞非三大洲的\n鄂圖曼帝國\n做出了一個令人費解的決定\n禁止使用阿拉伯文印刷\n為者處死\n於是\n在接下來整整三百年裡\n歐洲靠印刷傳播知識\n催生了宗教改革\n科學革命\n啟蒙運動\n而鄂圖曼帝國\n這個曾經讓整個歐洲顫抖的超級大國\n依然在用手抄書\n這些人為何要這樣決定呢\n鄂圖曼帝國的蘇丹們精明得很\n他們非常清楚印刷機的威力\n正是因為太清楚了才要禁止它\n他們怕的不是技術本身\n他們怕的是技術背後的東西\n當知識不再被少數人壟斷\n當普通人開始有能力思考\n現有的權力秩序還能維持多久\n這個故事是開啟今天這本書最好的鑰匙\n歡迎來到天天讀書會\n這期我們分享的書是\n國家為什麼會失敗\n兩位經濟學家\n戴倫·艾塞莫魯和詹姆斯·羅賓森\n花了15年走遍武大洲寫成了這本書\n這本書幫助他們獲得了\n2024年諾貝爾經濟學獎\n他們要回答的是一個困擾人類\n幾百年的終極問題\n為什麼有些國家富裕\n有些國家貧窮\n他們找到的答案\n指向了一群很有權勢的人\n同樣的天空\n不同的命運\n在給出答案之前\n我們先來看一個案例\n美國和墨西哥邊境\n有一座叫諾加萊斯的城市\n一道鐵絲網從中間穿過\n把它分成了兩個世界\n北邊屬於美國\n南邊屬於墨西哥\n鐵絲網兩邊的人\n說著同樣的語言\n有著相似的文化\n很多家庭甚至擁有共同的祖先\n如果做基因檢測\n他們幾乎沒有區別\n但北邊的人收入是南邊的三倍以上\n治安更好\n孩子更容易接受教育\n開一家小餐館只要合法經營\n就有機會把生意做大\n而難辨的人卻長期生活在犯罪\n腐敗和低效率之中\n同樣開一家餐館\n面對的卻是繁瑣審批\n層層盤剝和各種不確定性\n同一片沙漠\n同一種文化\n同一群人的後代\n唯一不同的是他們腳下那套規則\n那麼為什麼僅僅規則的差別\n就能決定一個國家的貧與負呢\n兩種制度\n書裡沒有籠統地說\n搞好制度就行了\n兩位作者把制度精確地分成了兩種型別\n第一種叫詐取型制度\n它的核心邏輯是\n把權力和財富集中在少數人手裡\n政治上決策被一小群人壟斷\n普通人沒有參與權\n經濟上\n規則被設計成\n從多數人身上抽取\n供養少數人\n你辛辛苦苦幹活\n成果被拿走大半\n在這種制度下\n努力不會讓你變富\n只會讓剝削你的人更富\n第二種叫廣納型制度\n它的核心邏輯恰恰相反\n讓大多數人都有參與的機會\n權力被分散\n產權受保護\n法律面前人人平等\n你有好點子就能去嘗試\n失敗了可以再來\n成功了果實是你自己的\n在這種制度下\n創新被鼓勵\n努力有回報\n所以每個人都有動力去創造\n一句話概括\n廣納型制度讓多數人創造財富\n榨取型制度讓少數人掠奪財富\n回到開頭的印刷機\n同樣的技術\n歐洲歡迎他\n因為廣納型制度正在萌芽\n新知識 新思想被允許流通\n鄂圖曼帝國封殺他\n因為榨取形的權力結構\n不允許任何動搖\n現有秩序的東西存在\n技術從來不是問題\n誰有權決定\n技術能不能被使用才是問題\n這種邏輯不僅適用於國家\n企業 組織 乃至家庭\n其實都遵循同樣的規律\n但問題來了\n既然答案這麼清楚\n搞廣納型制度就好了\n那為什麼全世界還有那麼多窮國\n那些領導人是太蠢了\n還是不懂這個道理\n接下來這一層\n是這本書最刺痛人的地方\n貧窮是被設計出來的\n答案不是他們不懂\n恰恰相反\n他們太懂了\n世界銀行\n國際貨幣基金組織\n幾十年來做了一件事\n派一批又一批經濟學家去窮國\n教他們怎麼搞好經濟\n開放市場\n保護產權\n投資教育\n打擊腐敗\n所有正確答案都端上桌了\n結果呢\n大部分時候\n錢花了\n顧問走了\n什麼也沒改變\n很多國家甚至越援助越窮\n為什麼\n因為那些統治者\n不是不知道怎麼讓國家變富\n他們非常清楚\n但他們算了一筆賬\n如果真的開放市場\n就會冒出新的有錢人\n來挑戰他們的地位\n如果產權得到保護\n他們就不能隨意\n沒收別人的財產了\n如果教育普及了\n人民開始獨立思考\n就不那麼好控制了\n如果腐敗被打擊了\n他們自己的利益鏈條就斷了\n所以他們做了一個冷靜的\n理性的\n深思熟慮的選擇\n讓國家繼續窮\n因為在一個貧窮\n無力反抗的社會里\n他們的權力最穩固\n他們的榨取最容易\n對他們來說\n一個貧窮但可控的國家\n遠遠好過一個富裕\n但無法掌控的國家\n這本書舉了一個\n很黑色幽默的例子\n辛巴威的穆加貝總統\n在位37年\n他把白人農場主的土地沒收\n分給了他的政治盟友\n一群根本不會種地的人\n結果糧食產量斷崖式下跌\n全國陷入饑荒\n但穆家貝本人和他的圈子\n從來沒有捱過餓\n更荒誕的是\n他曾經在自己操縱的國家彩票裡\n贏得了頭獎\n所以貧窮不是失誤\n而是選擇\n不是事故\n而是設計\n換一個場景想想\n有沒有一種公司的管理層\n明明知道放權能讓公司做得更大\n但就是不放\n因為他算了一下\n放權之後\n蛋糕雖然變大了\n但自己不再是那個切蛋糕的人了\n對很多人來說\n切蛋糕的權利\n比蛋糕有多大更重要\n最可怕的不是無知\n而是清醒地選擇不改變\n理解了上面這一層\n我們再回頭看歷史上\n那些阻擋進步的故事\n就全通了\n19世紀\n鐵路技術橫掃歐洲\n誰都看得出來\n鐵路意味著更快的運輸\n更廣的貿易\n更強的經濟\n但奧匈帝國皇帝弗朗茨一世\n親手阻止了鐵路\n在帝國境內的修建\n俄國沙皇尼古拉一世\n也做了同樣的事\n他們的理由很坦率\n鐵路會帶來人口流動\n流動會催生新階級\n新階級會要求分享權利\n他們做了一道算術題\n鐵路讓國家變富\n但我可能失去權力\n不修鐵路\n國家窮一點\n但我的位子穩\n兩害相權\n他們選擇了讓國家窮\n經濟學家熊彼得\n有一個重要概念叫\n創造性破壞\n這是社會進步必經的階段\n馬車被汽車淘汰\n膠片被數碼相機消滅\n傳統書店被網路平臺衝擊\n這個過程雖然殘酷\n但它是推動文明持續進步的\n唯一隱情\n但創造性破壞\n對當權者來說意味著什麼\n意味著可能冒出新的贏家\n來取代他們\n所以在一個權力集中的體制裡\n創新一定是最先被扼殺的東西\n不是因為當權者不懂創新好\n恰恰是因為他們太懂了\n才更害怕\n每一次創新\n本質上都是一次權力的重新洗牌\n進步最大的敵人\n從來不是愚蠢\n而是那些比誰都聰明\n但害怕在進步中\n失去自己位子的人\n比如在公司裡\n當一個新人進入團隊\n帶來一種\n我們不熟悉的做事方式\n我們的第一反應是什麼\n是好奇\n還是本能的牴觸\n當一項新技術出現\n可能改變我們賴以為生的行業\n我們是主動學習\n還是找各種理由否定它\n權力的邏輯\n並不只存在於國家\n當一個人開始害怕失去既有位置時\n他往往會本能地抗拒改變\n替換掉當權者行嗎\n好\n如果問題出在統治者\n那把統治者換掉不就行了\n歷史給出的答案是\n遠沒有那麼簡單\n法國大革命推翻了路易十六\n然後呢\n羅伯斯比爾的恐怖統治來了\n再然後\n拿破崙稱帝了\n俄國革命推翻了沙皇\n然後呢\n斯大林來了\n一個比沙皇還恐怖的獨裁者\n非洲更典型\n殖民者走了\n但殖民者留下的那套榨取性結構\n被新的本國領導人\n原封不動地接了過來\n在獅子山\n英國殖民者用那套結構榨取鑽石\n獨立之後\n新領導人也用它來榨取鑽石\n只不過錢進了不同人的口袋\n他們拆掉了國王\n卻沒有拆掉王座\n換了人\n卻沒有改變制度\n德國社會學家\n羅伯特·米歇爾斯\n提出過一個很絕望的概念\n叫寡頭鐵律\n他說\n任何組織\n無論起初多麼民主\n多麼平等\n最終都會走向少數人掌權\n因為管理需要專業化\n專業化需要集中\n集中就產生了權力不對等\n一旦有人掌了權\n他們就會用手中的權力\n來鞏固自己的位置\n於是歷史出現了一個\n最讓人絕望的迴圈\n革命者推翻了舊的壓迫者\n自己卻變成了新的壓迫者\n血流了 命賠了\n排面還是差不多\n推翻一個暴君很容易\n難的是不讓自己\n變成下一個暴君\n我們身邊也有小規模的版本\n很多人創業的初衷是\n我受夠了那種糟糕的管理方式\n可等他自己當了老闆之後呢\n不知不覺就變成了\n他當初最討厭的那種人\n不是因為他變壞了\n是因為椅子沒變\n那個鼓勵極權\n缺乏制衡的結構沒有變\n人一坐上去\n就會被那個結構塑造\n那麼問題來了\n如果換人沒用\n靠什麼才能真正改變\n繁榮殺死了自己\n如果只有窮國和獨裁國家\n才會陷入困局\n那事情還不算太複雜\n但這本書告訴我們一個更殘酷的真相\n即使曾經輝煌到極致的地方\n也可能親手把繁榮殺死\n13世紀之前的威尼斯\n是全歐洲最開放\n最有活力的城市\n它有一種制度創新\n叫康曼達契約\n一個窮小子\n可以跟有錢的投資人合夥做生意\n賺了按比例分成\n虧了各擔風險\n這讓窮人也能靠本事翻身\n階層流動飛快\n靠著這種開放\n威尼斯成了地中海上\n最耀眼的明珠\n然後1297年發生了一件事\n那些已經靠這套制度\n發了大財的家族\n現在他們已經是\n威尼斯的貴族了\n他們做了一個決定\n他們立法關閉了大議會\n從此以後\n只有已經在策的貴族家族\n才能參與政治和商業\n他們還廢除了康曼達契約\n把賺錢的生意\n全部壟斷在幾大家族手裡\n當時的威尼斯貴族\n一定覺得自己做了\n全世界最聰明的決定\n我上來了\n把梯子收走\n後面的人永遠別想上來\n我家的財富就能代代永享\n但結果呢\n創新枯萎了\n因為新人進不來\n貿易萎縮了\n因為壟斷殺死了競爭\n年輕人要麼離開\n要麼認命\n曾經全歐洲最繁華的商業帝國\n慢慢變成了一座\n供遊客參觀的博物館\n沒有任何外敵打敗威尼斯\n它是被最成功的那批人親手殺死的\n作者從這裡揭示了一條殘酷的規律\n創造繁榮的制度\n最終會製造既得利益集團\n而既得利益集團\n又會反過來封閉制度\n扼殺繁榮\n想想我們自己\n當我們在某個領域\n積累了一些經驗和地位\n內心深處\n是不是也有一種隱隱的衝動\n最好不要來新人超過我\n最好這個行業不要變化太快\n這種念頭太微小了\n微小到我們自己\n都不覺得它是危險的\n但它的本質\n和1297年\n威尼斯貴族關閉大議會時\n心裡想的東西\n沒有區別\n時代的岔路口\n還有一個更深的問題\n歷史上的制度本身\n是怎麼形成的\n為什麼有的國家走向了開放\n有的國家走向了封閉\n1347年\n一艘從克里米亞駛來的商船\n停靠在義大利西西里島\n這艘船帶來了鼠疫趕軍\n在接下來幾年裡\n它殺死了歐洲將近一半的人口\n這就是黑死病\n人類史上最恐怖的瘟疫之一\n但讓人深思的不是死亡的規模\n而是同一場災難落在不同的土壤上\n竟然長出了完全相反的果實\n在西歐 英國 法國\n黑死病造成了勞動力的急劇短缺\n活下來的農民突然變得稀缺了\n領主急需人幹活\n農民的溢價能力飆升\n他們開始要求更高的工資\n更多的自由\n封建農奴制開始鬆動\n瓦解\n這條路走了幾百年\n最終通向了後來的商業革命\n工業革命\n現代民主\n但在東歐\n波蘭\n普魯士\n俄國\n同樣的勞動力短缺\n領主的反應\n不是讓步\n而是加碼\n他們趁著混亂\n加強了對農民的控制\n用法律把農民更緊地綁在土地上\n加重勞逸義務\n歷史上把這叫做第二次農奴制\n比之前還要嚴苛\n同樣的災難\n同樣的衝擊\n完全相反的結果\n差別在哪裡\n差在一個微小的初始條件\n黑死病來臨之前\n西歐的城市化程度稍微高一些\n農民的組織力稍微強一些\n領主的控制稍微鬆一些\n注意\n只是稍微\n平時這點差別\n幾乎看不出來\n但當黑死病這個巨大的外力衝擊降臨時\n這些微小的差異\n就像裂縫遇到了地震\n被急劇放大\n變成了不可逆的分場\n歷史不是宿命\n也不是偶然\n它是微小的差異\n在關鍵時刻被無限放大\n然後不斷自我強化\n最終變成了我們今天看到的世界\n我們自己身上也是類似\n我們人生中那些看似微不足道的選擇\n二十幾歲時讀的一本書\n三十歲時接下的一個專案\n某個下午答應參加的一場聚會\n在當時完全不起眼\n但幾十年後回頭看\n它們可能就是我們人生中的分叉時刻\n那個把微小差異無限放大的節點\n國家為什麼會窮\n好 讓我們把所有線索收攏\n諾加萊斯的鐵絲網告訴我們\n決定貧富的是制度\n鄂圖曼帝國和沙皇俄國告訴我們\n掌權者不是不懂什麼對國家好\n而是清醒地選擇了對自己好\n維尼斯告訴我們\n既得利益者會主動封閉\n曾經讓他們成功的制度\n法國革命和非洲獨立運動告訴我們\n換人沒有用\n必須換制度\n黑死病告訴我們\n制度的走向有偶然性\n但一旦走上某條路\n就會不斷自我強化\n所有線索指向同一個結論\n國家貧窮\n從來不是因為人民懶惰\n不是因為民族愚蠢\n不是因為文化落後\n甚至不是因為資源貧瘠\n真正決定貧富的是制度\n而制度背後是權力\n當權力被少數人壟斷\n制度就變成了榨取的工具\n進步被壓制\n創新被扼殺\n財富被集中\n這短期內可能看起來很有效率\n蘇聯在1950年代\n曾經讓整個西方世界恐懼\n增長速度快得驚人\n但那種繁榮是有保質期的\n蘇聯的高速增長\n靠的是用國家暴力\n把大量農民從田裡趕進工廠\n這是一種一次性的資源搬運\n效果立竿見影\n但搬完就沒了\n真正能帶來持續繁榮的增長\n必須靠創造性破壞\n允許新東西不斷冒出來\n替代舊東西\n但榨取型制度最做不到的\n恰恰就是容忍創造性破壞\n因為每一個新生力量的崛起\n都可能威脅到現有的當權者\n讓即將被取代的人\n來決定要不要取代自己\n答案永遠是不\n蘇聯永遠生不出蘋果公司或臺積電\n因為喬布斯這種人\n本質上是一個攪局者\n他出現在一個已有巨頭的行業裡\n用全新的方式\n把老巨頭打得措手不及\n如果有一箇中央計劃委員會\n來決定誰能做電腦\n誰不能做\n你覺得他們會允許兩個年輕人\n在車庫裡挑戰IBM嗎\n不可能\n所以沒有創造性破壞的經濟體\n就像燃燒自己的傢俱來取暖\n很暖\n很快\n火光很耀眼\n但燒完就什麼都沒了\n而當權力被約束\n當機會向大多數人開放\n當創新得到保護\n財富能夠被創造\n而不是被掠奪\n國家就能持續繁榮\n不是因為出了一個英明的領袖\n而是因為制度本身在運轉\n一個成熟制度的標誌\n不是出了一個好領袖\n而是連壞領袖也壞不到哪裡去\n因為規則比個人更強\n書裡有一個精彩的案例\n美國總統羅斯福\n大蕭條時期\n力挽狂瀾的傳奇總統\n1930年代推出了新政\n全市達到巔峰\n但最高法院不斷判他的法案違憲\n他很惱火\n提出要增加法官人數\n把自己的人塞進去\n這個計劃如果成功\n總統就能實質控制最高法院\n三權分立就名存實亡了\n但他沒有成功\n國會 公眾\n甚至羅斯福自己\n黨內的人都站出來反對\n他們說\n我們支援新政\n但我們不能讓任何一個人\n凌駕於制度之上\n哪怕這個人是我們最信任的總統\n這就是廣納型制度的力量\n連最受愛戴的總統之一\n試圖越線的時候\n都會被制度拉回來\n不是因為有某個英雄挺身而出\n而是因為規則本身就有這個功能\n但這裡面藏著一層更深的東西\n如果我們仔細審視整條鏈條\n會發現最底層\n隱藏著一個關於人性的洞察\n人類最大的困境\n不是不知道什麼是對的\n而是在知道什麼是對的之後\n仍然缺乏去做的勇氣\n尤其當做對的事\n意味著自己會失去某些東西的時候\n鄂圖曼蘇丹知道印刷好\n但不敢開放\n沙皇知道鐵路好\n但不敢修\n威尼斯貴族知道開放好\n但不敢維持\n他們都輸給了同一樣東西\n對失去的恐懼\n而這不正是我們每個人內心深處\n最熟悉的感受嗎\n這講的僅是國家嗎\n這本書的名字叫\n《國家為什麼會失敗》\n但讀完之後你會發現\n它講的遠遠不只是國家\n它講的是人性\n一家企業會停滯\n往往是因為鼓勵創新的文化變了\n變成了保護既得利益的文化\n曾經開放的決策流程\n慢慢變成了一個人的獨角戲\n一個家庭會僵化\n往往是因為溝通的規則變了\n從雙向交流變成了單向命令\n從傾聽變成了說教\n孩子和父母的那條溝通的管道\n被堵死了\n甚至一個人的人生也是這樣\n年輕時對什麼都好奇\n什麼都想試\n慢慢地\n人們積累了一些成就\n也積累了一些恐懼\n人們開始害怕失去\n已經擁有的東西\n於是不知不覺的\n人們把梯子抽掉\n把門關上\n把自己封在一個安全\n但越來越小的世界裡\n這本書用500年的歷史\n五大洲的證據\n最終指向了一個\n對我們每個人都適用的結論\n決定命運的\n是我們有沒有一套\n持續自我更新的內在規則\n1485年\n鄂圖曼帝國禁止印刷\n他們以為自己保護的是權力\n後來才發現\n他們失去的是未來\n歷史一次又一次證明\n一個國家最危險的\n從來不是貧窮\n不是資源不足\n甚至不是缺少人才\n而是掌握權力的人\n開始害怕改變\n因為\n所有失敗國家的背後\n幾乎都站著同一群人\n不願被改變的既得利益者\n而所有繁榮國家的背後\n也都藏著同一個秘密\n讓權力受到約束\n讓機會向多數人開放\n這就是國家為什麼會失敗的答案\n國家如此\n企業如此\n家庭如此\n人也是如此\n感謝觀看天天讀書會\n我們下期見",
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      "start": 10.58,
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      "text": "他們的答案恰恰相反",
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      "text": "德國金匠古騰堡發明了活字印刷機",
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      "start": 48.16,
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      "start": 50.28,
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      "start": 52.54,
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      "start": 54.5,
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      "start": 55.64,
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      "start": 56.76,
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      "start": 58.52,
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      "start": 62.08,
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      "text": "依然在用手抄書",
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      "start": 64.16,
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      "text": "這些人為何要這樣決定呢",
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      "start": 70.68,
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      "start": 87.6,
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      "start": 90.52,
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      "text": "這個故事是開啟今天這本書最好的鑰匙",
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      "start": 94.78,
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      "text": "歡迎來到天天讀書會",
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      "start": 97.84,
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      "start": 100.4,
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      "start": 110.02,
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      "text": "花了15年走遍武大洲寫成了這本書",
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      "start": 116.38,
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      "text": "2024年諾貝爾經濟學獎",
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      "start": 170.04,
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      "text": "開一家小餐館只要合法經營",
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      "text": "同一片沙漠",
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      "text": "同一種文化",
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      "text": "規則被設計成",
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      "text": "法律面前人人平等",
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      "text": "一句話概括",
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      "text": "歐洲歡迎他",
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      "text": "新知識 新思想被允許流通",
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      "text": "鄂圖曼帝國封殺他",
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      "text": "企業 組織 乃至家庭",
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      "start": 319.92,
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      "start": 322.82,
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      "start": 325.1,
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      "start": 326.64,
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      "text": "接下來這一層",
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      "start": 328.48,
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      "text": "是這本書最刺痛人的地方",
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      "start": 330.78,
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      "text": "貧窮是被設計出來的",
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      "start": 336.52,
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      "text": "恰恰相反",
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      "start": 337.64,
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      "start": 339.14,
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      "start": 340.58,
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      "text": "國際貨幣基金組織",
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      "start": 342.3,
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      "text": "幾十年來做了一件事",
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      "start": 344.2,
      "end": 347.2,
      "text": "派一批又一批經濟學家去窮國",
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      "start": 347.2,
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      "text": "教他們怎麼搞好經濟",
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      "start": 349.3,
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      "text": "開放市場",
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      "start": 350.54,
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      "start": 351.54,
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      "start": 352.5,
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      "start": 353.56,
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      "text": "所有正確答案都端上桌了",
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      "start": 357.56,
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      "text": "大部分時候",
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      "start": 358.62,
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      "start": 359.66,
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      "start": 362.04,
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      "start": 368.82,
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      "start": 371.12,
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      "start": 374.52,
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      "start": 376.74,
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      "start": 391.8,
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      "start": 399.36,
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      "start": 403.48,
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      "start": 413.08,
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      "text": "辛巴威的穆加貝總統",
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      "start": 426.8,
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      "start": 434.84,
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      "start": 445.4,
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      "start": 453.52,
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      "text": "換一個場景想想",
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      "start": 455.64,
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      "text": "有沒有一種公司的管理層",
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      "start": 458.22,
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      "start": 470.44,
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      "text": "傳統書店被網路平臺衝擊",
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      "text": "對當權者來說意味著什麼",
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      "text": "替換掉當權者行嗎",
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      "start": 631.629,
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      "text": "法國大革命推翻了路易十六",
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      "text": "羅伯斯比爾的恐怖統治來了",
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      "text": "拿破崙稱帝了",
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      "text": "俄國革命推翻了沙皇",
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      "text": "非洲更典型",
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      "text": "殖民者走了",
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      "text": "但殖民者留下的那套榨取性結構",
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      "text": "被新的本國領導人",
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      "text": "英國殖民者用那套結構榨取鑽石",
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      "text": "獨立之後",
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      "text": "新領導人也用它來榨取鑽石",
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      "text": "只不過錢進了不同人的口袋",
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      "text": "他們拆掉了國王",
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      "text": "德國社會學家",
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      "text": "虧了各擔風險",
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      "text": "心裡想的東西",
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      "text": "但當黑死病這個巨大的外力衝擊降臨時",
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      "text": "這些微小的差異",
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      "text": "就像裂縫遇到了地震",
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      "text": "變成了不可逆的分場",
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      "text": "這短期內可能看起來很有效率",
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      "text": "蘇聯在1950年代",
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      "text": "曾經讓整個西方世界恐懼",
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      "text": "增長速度快得驚人",
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      "text": "但那種繁榮是有保質期的",
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      "text": "靠的是用國家暴力",
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      "text": "把大量農民從田裡趕進工廠",
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      "text": "效果立竿見影",
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      "text": "允許新東西不斷冒出來",
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      "text": "替代舊東西",
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      "text": "來決定要不要取代自己",
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      "text": "蘇聯永遠生不出蘋果公司或臺積電",
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      "text": "用全新的方式",
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      "text": "如果有一箇中央計劃委員會",
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      "text": "你覺得他們會允許兩個年輕人",
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      "text": "在車庫裡挑戰IBM嗎",
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      "text": "所以沒有創造性破壞的經濟體",
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      "text": "火光很耀眼",
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      "text": "不是因為出了一個英明的領袖",
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      "text": "美國總統羅斯福",
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      "text": "大蕭條時期",
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      "text": "力挽狂瀾的傳奇總統",
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      "text": "1930年代推出了新政",
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      "text": "全市達到巔峰",
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      "text": "但最高法院不斷判他的法案違憲",
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      "text": "提出要增加法官人數",
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      "text": "把自己的人塞進去",
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      "text": "這個計劃如果成功",
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      "text": "凌駕於制度之上",
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      "text": "如果我們仔細審視整條鏈條",
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      "text": "這本書的名字叫",
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      "text": "孩子和父母的那條溝通的管道",
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